ABSTRACT
Microbe-related, especially viral-related pandemics have currently paralyzed the world and such pathogenesis is expected to rise in the upcoming years. Although tremendous efforts are being made to develop antiviral drugs, very limited progress has been made in this direction. The nanotheranostic approach can be a highly potential rescue to combat this pandemic. Nanoparticles (NPs) due to their high specificity and biofunctionalization ability could be utilized efficiently for prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment against microbial infections. In this context, titanium oxide, silver, gold NPs, etc. have already been utilized against deadly viruses like influenza, Ebola, HIV, and HBV. The discovery of sophisticated nanovaccines is under investigation and of prime importance to induce reproducible and strong immune responses against difficult pathogens. This review focuses on highlighting the role of various nano-domain materials such as metallic NPs, magnetic NPs, and quantum dots in the biomedical applications to combat the deadly microbial infections. Further, it also discusses the nanovaccines those are already available for various microbial diseases or are in clinical trials. Finally, it gives a perspective on the various nanotechnologies presently employed for efficient diagnosis and therapy against disease causing microbial infections, and how advancement in this field can benefit the health sector remarkably.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a single-stranded RNA (+) virus and causes infectious disease by the viral strain "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2). Now, COVID-19 has become pandemic, and there are neither potential vaccines nor drugs discovered. Its RNA contains genes for structural (S, E, M, N) and non-structural proteins (PLpro, 3CLpro, RdRp, Hel). Interaction between the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the ACE 2 receptor of the host cell plays a vital role in the entry of the virus into the cell. Favipiravir, ribavirin, remdesivir, galidesivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine are the few effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Live attenuated virus (mutant MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV or recombination with another live attenuated virus) can act as vaccine platforms against SARS CoV-2 along with DNA vaccine and subunit vaccine. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Acta Medica Iranica is the property of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)